The industry standard (in my industry) software to do that is MathCad, of which version 15 is the peak release. Although not maintained anymore, it is still used a lot today. Because it is not maintained anymore, it doesn't change and has been the same for the past ~15 years.
I find Julia’s Pluto to be reasonably close alternative.
Of course it lacks many features, but plugins systems and overall architecture gives hope for possible extension to include many of the desired features.
A free, still maintained, alternative of that is smathhttps://en.smath.com/view/SMathStudio/summary, which also has a cloud option.