Maybe I wasn’t clear enough. The engineering requirements to be a competent software engineer in HFT a Genomics vary wildly. If completing a computer science degree and maybe a Msc in computer science is the answer fair enough, but I don’t think those credentials are enough to label someone a competent Software Engineer.

What could be a generic framework? Do you have any reference to standards?

the requirements to be a dentist are vastly different than that of a brain surgeon.

Yet, both have to have medical degrees in order to be called doctors.

That you specialise after the fact doesn't really mean what you imply, not everyone who becomes a doctor can do brain surgery.